Type B intramural hematomas and penetrating aortic ulcers: clinical comment on management and outlook

Intramural hematomas (IMH) and penetrating aortic ulcers (PAU) represent 10–25% and 2–7% of acute aortic syndromes (AAS), respectively (1,2). These conditions are commonly located in the thoracic descending aorta (type B) and mainly affect the elderly (1,3-5). Despite substantial diagnostic and therapeutic advances, the in-hospital and long-term mortality remains high (1,3). Therapeutic interventions are quite similar to those implemented for classic acute aortic dissection (AAD), mainly consisting of surgery for type A, medical therapy for uncomplicated type B and endovascular treatment (TEVAR/EVAR) for complicated type B (1,3-4). In this regard, predictors of complications from IMH include persistent and recurrent pain despite aggressive medical treatment, difficulties in blood pressure control, ascending aortic involvement, maximum aortic diameter ≥50 mm, progressive maximum aortic wall thickness (>11 mm), enlarging aortic diameter, recurrent pleural effusion, penetrating ulcer or ulcer-like projection secondary to localized dissections in the involved segment, and organ ischemia (brain, myocardium, bowels, kidneys, etc.) (1,5). Moreover, in type B intramural haematoma, focal intimal disruption (FID) has been described in >20% of cases with an unclear prognosis and management (1,6). In PAU, refractory symptoms, rapidly growing lesions, associated periaortic haematoma or pleural effusions all call for an invasive strategy that should be also considered in the case of asymptomatic patients with ulcer diameter >20 mm or neck >10 mm (1,2,4).

However, a wide grey zone exists between complicated and uncomplicated cases. Ultimately, the management strategy should be tailored to each individual patient with the goal of intercepting early “warning signals” preceding clinical instability (1,2). Interestingly, the detection of sustained elevated serologic markers (mainly D-dimer) may predict worse prognosis in otherwise apparently clinical stable patients (7,8). However, randomized controlled trials comparing TEVAR vs. medical therapy will be needed to further delineate the most appropriate management of these conditions (9).

It should be highlighted that as for AAD, IMH and PAU represent a lifelong condition affecting the entire aorta (1,2). Affected patients warrant close clinical and imaging surveillance (before discharge and at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months) and thereafter every year, depending on clinical conditions (1). Among imaging techniques, MRI (being radiation-free) remains the most suitable. If not available, CT represents a valid alternative. Applying the same imaging technique and side-by-side comparisons during follow-up visits allows for serial imaging to identify changes in shape or size that indicate instability (1,10).

The main purpose of medical therapy is to achieve optimal blood pressure (<120/80 mmHg) and heart rate (<60 bpm) control and to reduce wall stress and pressure-time differential. In this regard, beta-blockers represent the first-line approach in combination with ACE inhibitors or ARBs (second line) and long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers (third line). Aggressive lipid management should target atherosclerosis or dyslipidemia, with a target LDL of <70 mg/dL. This is particularly true for PAU, which is often an extreme focal anatomopathological expression of systemic atherosclerosis affecting the entire aorta as well as coronary and peripheral arteries (1-3).

It remains essential to allocate specific resources in order to design educational programs encouraging smoking cessation and control of other atherosclerotic risk factors. Not to be underestimated is the critical issue of adherence to medical treatment and counseling in the presence of genetic disease affecting the aorta (syndromic and non-syndromic) (2). While we’ve come a long way in both understanding and treating these unique aortic conditions, there is so much more that we must do in order to better prevent, diagnose, treat and follow patients afflicted by them.

Acknowledgments

None.

Footnote

Conflicts of Interest: The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

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